What Were the Terms What Was James Madison's Family Information

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James Madison (1751-1836) was a founding begetter of the United states and the fourth American president, serving in office from 1809 to 1817. An advocate for a stiff federal government, the Virginia-born Madison composed the first drafts of the U.South. Constitution and the Bill of Rights and earned the nickname "Father of the Constitution."

In 1792, Madison and Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) founded the Democratic-Republican Party, which has been called America's kickoff opposition political political party. When Jefferson became the third U.South. president, Madison served as his secretary of country. In this role, he oversaw the Louisiana Purchase from the French in 1803. During his presidency, Madison led the U.S. into the controversial War of 1812 (1812-15) against United kingdom. Later on two terms in the White House, Madison retired to his Virginia plantation, Montpelier, with his married woman Dolley (1768-1849).

Early Years

James Madison was built-in on March 16, 1751, in Port Conway, Virginia, to James Madison Sr. and Nellie Conway Madison. The oldest of 12 children, Madison was raised on the family plantation, Montpelier, in Orange County, Virginia. At age 18, Madison left Montpelier to nourish the College of New Jersey (at present Princeton Academy).

After graduation, Madison took an involvement in the human relationship between the American colonies and Great britain, which had grown tumultuous over the issue of British revenue enhancement. When Virginia began preparing for the American Revolutionary War (1775-83), Madison was appointed a colonel in the Orangish Canton militia. Pocket-sized in stature and sickly, he soon gave upwards a war machine career for a political one. In 1776, he represented Orange Canton at the Virginia Constitution Convention to organize a new state authorities no longer under British dominion.

During his work in the Virginia legislature, Madison met lifelong friend Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), author of the Annunciation of Independence and the tertiary president of the Us. As a politician, Madison often fought for religious freedom, assertive it was an individual's correct from nascence.

In 1780, Madison became a Virginia consul to the Continental Congress in Philadelphia. He left Congress in 1783 to return to the Virginia associates and work on a religious freedom statute, though he would soon be called back to Congress to help create a new constitution.

Father of the Constitution

Afterwards the colonies declared independence from U.k. in 1776, the Articles of Confederation were created equally the first constitution of the United States. The Manufactures were ratified in 1781 and gave most of the ability to the individual state legislatures who acted more like private countries than a union. This structure left the national Congress weak, with no power to properly manage federal debt or maintain a national ground forces.

Madison, afterward undertaking an extensive written report of other world governments, came to the decision that America needed a strong federal government in lodge to help regulate the state legislatures and create a better organization for raising federal coin. He felt the regime should be set up with a system of checks and balances so no branch had greater power over the other. Madison also suggested that governors and judges have enhanced roles in government in order to assistance manage the state legislatures.

In May 1787, delegates from each state came together at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, and Madison was able to present his ideas for an effective government system in his "Virginia Programme," which detailed a government with three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. This plan would form the basis of the U.South. Constitution. Madison took detailed notes during debates at the convention, which helped to farther shape the U.South. Constitution and led to his moniker: "Father of the Constitution." (Madison stated the Constitution was not "the off-spring of a single brain," but instead, "the piece of work of many heads and many hangs.")

Ratifying the Constitution and the Pecker of Rights

Once the new constitution was written, it needed to be ratified by ix of the thirteen states. This was not an easy process, as many states felt the Constitution gave the federal regime too much power. Supporters of the Constitution were known equally Federalists, while critics were chosen Anti-Federalists.

Madison played a strong role in the ratification process and wrote a number of essays outlining his support for the Constitution. His writings, forth with those penned past other advocates, were released anonymously under the title "The Federalist," a series of 85 essays produced between 1787 and 1788. Later extensive debate, the U.S. Constitution was signed past members of the Constitutional Convention in September 1787. The document was ratified by u.s.a. in 1788 and the new authorities became functional the following year.

Bill of Rights

Madison was elected to the newly formed U.Due south. House of Representatives, where he served from 1789 to 1797. In Congress, he worked to draft the Bill of Rights, a group of 10 amendments to the Constitution that spelled out central rights (such as freedom of speech and religion) held by U.S. citizens. The Neb of Rights was ratified by united states in 1791.

In the new, more powerful Congress, Madison and Jefferson soon found themselves disagreeing with the Federalists on key problems dealing with federal debt and power. For example, the two men favored states' rights and opposed Federalist leader Alexander Hamilton's (c.1755-1804) proposal for a national bank, the Banking company of the Us.

In 1792, Jefferson and Madison founded the Autonomous-Republican Party, which has been labeled America's first opposition political party. Jefferson, Madison and James Monroe (1758-1831) were the but Democratic-Republicans ever to become U.Due south. presidents, as the party divided into competing factions in the 1820s.

Dolley Madison

Madison also had a new development in his personal life: In 1794, later a brief courtship, the 43-year-quondam Madison married 26-twelvemonth-old Dolley Payne Todd (1768-1849), an outgoing Quaker widow with one son. Dolley'south personality assorted sharply with that of the tranquillity, reserved Madison. She loved entertaining and hosted many receptions and dinner parties during which Madison could meet other influential figures of his time. During the couple's 41-year marriage, Dolley Madison and James Madison were reportedly rarely apart.

James Madison, Secretary of State: 1801-09

Through the years, Madison'southward friendship with Jefferson would go along to thrive. When Jefferson became the tertiary president of the United States, he appointed Madison every bit secretary of state. In this position, which he held from 1801 to 1809, Madison helped acquire the Louisiana Territory from the French in 1803. The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of America.

In 1807, Madison and Jefferson enacted an embargo on all trade with United kingdom and France. The 2 European countries were at war and, angered by America's neutrality, they had begun attacking U.S. ships at sea. Still, the embargo hurt America and its merchants and sailors more than Europe, which did not demand the American goods. Jefferson ended the embargo in 1809 equally he left office.

James Madison, Fourth President and the War of 1812

In the presidential election of 1808, Madison defeated Federalist candidate Charles Cotesworth Pinckney (1745-1825) to become the nation'southward 4th chief executive. Madison continued to face problems from overseas, as United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland and France had continued their attacks on American ships post-obit the embargo. In addition to impeding U.Due south. merchandise, U.k. took U.S. sailors for its own navy and began supporting American Indians in battles confronting U.S. settlers.

In retaliation, Madison issued a state of war proclamation against United kingdom in 1812. However, America was not ready for a war. Congress had not properly funded or prepared an regular army, and a number of united states of america did not back up what was referred to as "Mr. Madison'south War" and would not allow their militias to join the campaign. Despite these setbacks, American forces attempted to fight off and assail British forces. The U.S. met defeat much of the fourth dimension both on country and at sea, merely its well-built ships proved to be formidable foes.

As the War of 1812 continued, Madison ran for re-election against Federalist candidate DeWitt Clinton (1767-1828), who was too supported by an anti-war faction of the Democratic-Republican Party, and won. Despite the victory, Madison was ofttimes criticized and blamed for the difficulties stemming from the war. Trade stopped between the U.S. and Europe, pain American merchants once once again. New England threatened secession from the Union. The Federalists undermined Madison's efforts; and Madison was forced to flee Washington, D.C., in August 1814 as British troops invaded and burned buildings, including the White Firm, the Capitol and the Library of Congress.

Finally, weary from boxing, Uk and the U.South. agreed to negotiate an cease to the war. The Treaty of Ghent was signed in December 1814 in Europe. Before give-and-take of the peace understanding reached America, a major victory for U.S. troops at the Battle of New Orleans (December 1814-January 1815) helped shine a positive light on the controversial war. Though the war was mismanaged, in that location were some key victories that emboldened the Americans. Once blamed for the errors in the war, Madison was somewhen hailed for its triumphs.

Final Years

After two terms in office, Madison left Washington, D.C., in 1817, and returned to Montpelier with his wife. Despite the challenges he encountered during his presidency, Madison was respected every bit a great thinker, communicator and statesman. He remained active in various civic causes, and in 1826 became rector of the University of Virginia, which was founded past his friend Thomas Jefferson. Madison died at Montpelier on June 28, 1836, at the age of 85, from heart failure.