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Arch bridge over the Colorado River at Hoover Dam, United states of america

Mike O'Callaghan–Pat Tillman Memorial Span
The bridge is silhouetted against the sky with the Colorado river far below

The bridge in forepart of the Hoover Dam
Coordinates 36°0′45″Northward 114°44′29″W  /  36.01250°N 114.74139°W  / 36.01250; -114.74139  (Hoover Dam Featherbed) Coordinates: 36°0′45″N 114°44′29″Westward  /  36.01250°Northward 114.74139°W  / 36.01250; -114.74139  (Hoover Dam Featherbed)
Carries 4 lanes of I-eleven / US 93, pedestrians and bicycles
Crosses Colorado River
Locale Lake Mead National Recreation Area,
Clark County, Nevada –
Mohave County, Arizona
Official name Mike O'Callaghan–Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge
Other proper noun(s) Hoover Dam Bypass Bridge
Maintained by Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT)
Nevada Department of Transportation (NDOT)
Characteristics
Design concrete-steel composite arch bridge
Total length 1,900 feet (579 m)[1]
Longest bridge 1,060 ft (323 m)[1]
Clearance below 890 ft (270 m)[1] [a]
History
Designer Span Designer T.Y. Lin International Design Director HDR, Inc.
Construction start February 14, 2005
Construction end Oct xiv, 2010[2]
Construction price $240 million
Opened October sixteen, 2010 (to pedestrians);[2] October 19, 2010 (regular traffic)[3]
Statistics
Daily traffic fifteen,000
Location

The Mike O'Callaghan–Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge in front end of the Hoover Dam.

The Mike O'Callaghan–Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge is an arch bridge in the United States that spans the Colorado River between usa of Arizona and Nevada. The span is located inside the Lake Mead National Recreation Area approximately xxx miles (48 km) southeast of Las Vegas, and carries Interstate 11 and U.Due south. Route 93 over the Colorado River. Opened in 2010, it was the key component of the Hoover Dam Bypass project, which rerouted United states 93 from its previous routing along the top of Hoover Dam and removed several hairpin turns and blind curves from the route. Information technology is jointly named for Mike O'Callaghan, Governor of Nevada from 1971 to 1979, and Pat Tillman, an American football player who left his career with the Arizona Cardinals to enlist in the United States Army and was killed in Afghanistan in 2004 by friendly burn.

As early equally the 1960s, officials identified the US 93 route over Hoover Dam to be dangerous and inadequate for projected traffic volumes. From 1998 to 2001, officials from Arizona, Nevada, and several federal government agencies collaborated to decide the best routing for an alternative river crossing. In March 2001, the Federal Highway Administration selected the road, which crosses the Colorado River approximately ane,500 feet (460 thou) downstream of Hoover Dam. Structure of the bridge approaches began in 2003, and construction of the bridge itself began in February 2005. The bridge was completed in 2010 and the entire bypass route opened to vehicle traffic on October nineteen, 2010. The Hoover Dam Bypass project was completed within budget at a cost of $240 meg; the bridge portion price $114 million.[iv]

The span was the start concrete-steel composite deck arch bridge built in the United States,[five] and incorporates the widest concrete arch in the Western Hemisphere. At 890 feet (270 m) higher up the Colorado River, information technology is the second highest bridge in the United States after the Majestic Gorge Bridge about Cañon City, Colorado, and is the world'due south highest concrete arch bridge.[6]

History [edit]

In 1935, the American Clan of Country Highway Officials (AASHO, after AASHTO) authorized a southward extension of U.S. Road 93 from its previous southern terminus in Glendale, Nevada to Kingman, Arizona via Las Vegas, Boulder City, and a crossing of the Colorado River on the newly-constructed Hoover Dam (then known every bit Bedrock Dam). Clark County was sparsely populated at the time, with a population of less than 9,000 at the 1930 U.Due south. Census (compared to an estimated 2 million in 2013). Evolution in and around Las Vegas in the latter half of the 20th century made Las Vegas and its surrounding area a tourist allure, and US 93 became an important transportation corridor for rider and commercial traffic between Las Vegas and Phoenix. In 1995, the portion of US 93 over Hoover Dam was included as part of the CANAMEX Corridor, a high-priority transportation corridor established under the N American Free Trade Understanding (NAFTA).[7] This bridge is a fundamental component of the proposed Interstate xi project.[8]

Through traffic on Us 93 combined with pedestrian and tourist traffic at Hoover Dam itself led to major traffic congestion on the dam and on the approaches to the dam. The approaches featured hairpin turns on both the Nevada and Arizona sides of the dam, and the terrain caused limited sight distances effectually curves. In add-on to traffic safety considerations, officials were also concerned about the condom and security of Hoover Dam, specifically the impact a vehicle accident could have on the dam's operation and the waters of Lake Mead.[ix] Officials first discussed the demand for a new Colorado River crossing that would bypass the dam in the 1960s.[10] The U.S. Agency of Reclamation, which operates the dam, began work on the "Colorado River Bridge Project" in 1989, but the project was put on hold in 1995. In 1997 the Federal Highway Administration took over the project and released a typhoon environmental impact statement in 1998.[10] From 1998 to 2001 land officials from Arizona and Nevada as well as several federal government agencies studied the feasibility of several culling routes and river crossings, as well as the feasibility of modifying the roadway over the dam, restricting traffic over the dam, or doing goose egg.[nine]

In March 2001, the Federal Highway Administration issued a Tape of Determination indicating its selection of the "Sugarloaf Mountain Alternative" routing.[ix] The projection called for approximately ii.2 miles (3.5 km) of highway in Nevada, i.1 miles (ane.eight km) of highway in Arizona, and a bridge length of one,900 feet (580 m) that would cantankerous the river i,500 feet (460 m) downstream (south) of Hoover Dam.[9] Design piece of work began in July 2001.

Security measures implemented following the September xi attacks prohibited commercial truck traffic from driving across Hoover Dam. Prior to the completion of the bridge, commercial vehicles were required to follow a detour between Boulder City and Kingman via US 95, Nevada State Route 163, the Colorado River crossing betwixt Laughlin, Nevada and Bullhead City, Arizona, and Arizona State Route 68. The detour was 104 miles (167 km) long, but just added 23 miles (37 km) to the normal journey on United states of america 93.[ten]

Design [edit]

The completed bridge viewed from the Nevada side in December 2010

Project design was by the Hoover Support team, led by HDR, Inc. and including T.Y. Lin International, Sverdrup Ceremonious, Inc., and other specialist contributors.[11]

The span has a length of one,900 feet (579 m) and a 1,060 ft (320 thousand) span.[one] The roadway is 900 ft (270 thou)[1] above the Colorado River and 4 lanes wide.[11] This is the first concrete-and-steel composite arch bridge built in the U.s.a.. Information technology includes the widest concrete arch in the Western Hemisphere and is as well the second highest bridge in the nation, with the arch 840 ft (260 grand) above the river.[12] The twin arch ribs are connected past steel struts.[13]

The composite blueprint, using physical for the arch and columns with steel construction for the roadway deck, was selected for schedule and cost control while being aesthetically uniform with the Hoover Dam.[13] [14] Sean Holstege in The Arizona Republic has called the bridge "an American triumph".[15] USA Today chosen it "America's Newest Wonder" on October xviii, 2010.[12]

Pedestrian access is provided over the bridge to tourists who wish to take in a different view of the nearby dam and river below, but the dam is not visible for those driving across it. A parking area is provided near the bridge on the Nevada side at what was a staging area during structure. A set of stairs and disabled access ramps lead to the sidewalk across the span.[16]

Structure [edit]

The bridge nether construction, Jan 2009

Work began in 2003 on the approaches in both states[17] and the construction contract for the arch span was awarded in October 2004.[18] The largest obstacle to the project was the river crossing. The span and the bypass were synthetic by a consortium of different government agencies and contractors, amidst them the Federal Highway Administration, the Arizona Department of Transportation, and Nevada Department of Transportation, with RE Monks Construction and Vastco, Inc, constructing the Arizona Arroyo, Edward Kraemer & Sons, Inc, the Nevada Approach and Las Vegas Paving Corporation undertaking the roadway surfacing on both approaches. The bridge itself was congenital by Obayashi Corporation and PSM Construction USA, Inc., while Frehner Construction Visitor, Inc. was responsible for completing the last roadway installations.[3] A permit problem between Clark Canton and the subcontractor Casino Prepare Mix arose in May 2006 over the functioning of a concrete-batch plant for the projection, and this caused a four-month delay.[eighteen] [19]

Construction of the arches, showing the diagonal cable stays and the high-line crane. June 2009

Construction required hoisting workers and up to 50 short tons (45 t) of materials 890 feet (270 m) above the Colorado River using 2,300 ft (700 k)-long steel cables held aloft past a "high-line" crane organization.[16] High winds caused a cableway failure in September 2006, resulting in a further two-year delay.[18] The arroyo spans, consisting of seven pairs of concrete columns—five on the Nevada side and two on the Arizona side—were completed in March 2008.[16] In Nov 2008, construction worker Sherman Jones died in an blow.[18]

Completed curvation in September 2009

The arches are made of 106 pieces—53 per curvation—more often than not 24 ft (7.iii chiliad) cast in place sections.[16] The curvation was constructed from both sides of the bridge concurrently, supported by diagonal cablevision stays strung from temporary towers. The twin arch spans were completed with the casting of the center segments in August 2009.[xviii] That same calendar month, the two halves of the arch were completed, and were three⁄8 inch (ix.5 mm) apart; the gap was filled with a block of reinforced physical.[xx] The temporary cablevision stays were removed, leaving the arch self-supporting. Past December, all eight of the vertical piers on the arch had been set and capped, and at the end of the calendar month the commencement two of 30-half dozen 50-brusk-ton (45 t) steel girders had been set into identify.[21]

The most consummate bridge seen from a helicopter in Feb 2010

Past mid-Apr 2010, all of the girders were set in place, and for the first time construction crews could walk across the structure from Arizona to Nevada. Shortly thereafter, the pouring of the span deck began. The bridge deck was fully paved in July, and the high-line cranes were removed from the site as the overall project neared completion.[ commendation needed ] The bridge was completed with a dedication ceremony on Oct fourteen, 2010.[22] and a grand opening party on October 16.[23] It was opened to bicycle and pedestrian traffic on October eighteen[24] [25] and to vehicular traffic on Oct 19,[iii] a few weeks earlier than estimated.[26] The building of the span was featured in episode 5x02 of the TV series Extreme Engineering. The filming of this episode took place earlier the starting time of work on the arch.

When the bridge opened to traffic, the roadway over Hoover Dam was closed to through traffic, and all visitor access to the dam was routed to the Nevada side; vehicles are nevertheless allowed to drive across the dam to the Arizona side following a security inspection, simply must return to the Nevada side to return to US 93.[27] The former US 93 route betwixt the dam and its junction with the present US 93 route has been re-designated every bit Nevada Land Route 172. The highway using the span was given the added designation of Interstate 11 in 2018, afterward the completion of the Boulder City freeway bypass.

Naming [edit]

In late 2004, the proposed bridge name honoring Mike O'Callaghan and Pat Tillman was announced at a ceremony by the Governor of Nevada, Kenny Guinn, and the Governor of Arizona, Janet Napolitano.[ citation needed ] O'Callaghan, a decorated Korean War veteran, was the Governor of Nevada from 1971 through 1979, and he was the executive editor at the Las Vegas Sun paper for many years until his death on March 5, 2004. Tillman had been a football game player for Arizona State University and for the Arizona Cardinals. He gave up his multimillion-dollar career in the National Football League to enlist equally an infantryman in the U.S. Regular army, but he was killed by friendly burn in Transitional islamic state of afghanistan[28] on April 22, 2004.

Incidents [edit]

View from upstream of Hoover Dam with Mike O'Callaghan–Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge in background

Structure crane plummet [edit]

Strong winds gusting across the Blackness Canyon on September 15, 2006, appear to take been the cause for the collapse of the "loftier-line" crane organisation that was used to carry workmen and materials at the bridge site. No injuries or fatalities occurred because of this accident. Express construction work resumed in October 2006, but this accident acquired a ii-twelvemonth filibuster in construction.

The bridge-structure companies Obayashi Corp. and PSM Structure, USA, Inc. absorbed the cost of the droppings removal and the rebuilding of the cranes.[16] [29] The reconstruction contract for the cranes was awarded to Cincinnati's F&G Mafco Inc.

Fatalities [edit]

Work was halted when a Las Vegas structure worker, 48-year-old Sherman Jones, was killed. A jack punctured his chest during construction while adjusting a cablevision used to align temporary concrete towers.[30] [31]

Suicides [edit]

The first known suicide at the bridge took place on April 7, 2012. Federal officials were unable to persuade the victim not to jump from the pedestrian walkway overlooking the dam.[32] Others accept happened since. Representatives of the Nevada Department of Transportation "are constantly monitoring the situation," and were "planning to talk over potential preventative measures on the featherbed bridge" at their August or September 2012 meeting.[33]

In pop civilization [edit]

  • In the 2015 disaster pic San Andreas, the bridge is destroyed in a massive earthquake along with the Hoover Dam.

See besides [edit]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ The arch rise is 277 ft (84 m).[34]

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b c d eastward "Often Asked Questions". Hoover Dam Featherbed. Cardinal Federal Lands Highway Sectionalisation and HDR Applied science. October 29, 2010. Archived from the original on January thirteen, 2015. Retrieved October 28, 2016.
  2. ^ a b "Soaring Hoover Dam bypass span finally complete".
  3. ^ a b c "Structure Activities". Hoover Dam Bypass. Archived from the original on November ten, 2010. Retrieved November six, 2010.
  4. ^ Holstege, Sean (August 20, 2010). "Las Vegas road over Hoover Dam bridge coming before long". The Arizona Republic . Retrieved November 6, 2010.
  5. ^ "Mike O'Callaghan-Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge". www.mtnmouse.com.
  6. ^ "Mike O'Callaghan-Pat Tilman Memorial Bridge - HighestBridges.com". highestbridges.com.
  7. ^ "CANAMEX Federal Definition". CANAMEX Corridor Coalition. Archived from the original on January 10, 2008. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
  8. ^ Norman, Jean Reid (August 12, 2009). "Bedrock City Council endorses Vegas-to-Phoenix interstate". Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved Baronial 12, 2011.
  9. ^ a b c d "U.Due south. 93 Hoover Dam Bypass Project Record of Determination" (PDF). Federal Highway Administration. March 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 19, 2011. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
  10. ^ a b c Hansen, Kyle B. (August 1, 2009). "Hoover Dam bypass span inches toward completion". Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved May eleven, 2012.
  11. ^ a b "Hoover Dam Bypass Update No 8" (PDF). Hoover Dam Bypass. February 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on December five, 2010. Retrieved November vii, 2010.
  12. ^ a b Holstege, Sean (October 18, 2010). "Hoover Dam span is America'due south newest wonder". USAToday. The Arizona Republic. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
  13. ^ a b Goodyear, Klamerus & Turton 2005.
  14. ^ "Design Activities". Hoover Dam Bypass. Archived from the original on November 1, 2010. Retrieved November 6, 2010.
  15. ^ Holstege, Sean (October 17, 2010). "Hoover Dam bypass bridge an American triumph". The Arizona Commonwealth . Retrieved November 10, 2010.
  16. ^ a b c d east McCabe, Francis (March 31, 2008). "Towering Achievement". Las Vegas Review-Periodical. ISSN 1097-1645. Archived from the original on June i, 2008. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
  17. ^ Illia & Cho 2010, p. 1.
  18. ^ a b c d e Illia & Cho 2009, pp. 20–21. Sidebar giving a timeline of the projection.
  19. ^ Illia & Cho 2009, p. 24. "In early 2006, [the project's] local concrete supplier, Casino Ready Mix Inc., was institute to be unlicensed, causing a 4-month filibuster."
  20. ^ Fried, Stephen (October 17, 2010). "The Birth of a Mod Marvel". Parade Mag. p. iv.
  21. ^ "Construction Photo Album: Images from Dec 2009". Hoover Dam Bypass. Archived from the original on November 10, 2010. Retrieved November 6, 2010.
  22. ^ Quine, Michael (October 14, 2010). "Hoover Dam bypass bridge defended". Las Vegas Review-Periodical. ISSN 1097-1645. Retrieved November 6, 2010.
  23. ^ Hansen, Kyle (October sixteen, 2010). "Bridging America event draws thousands". Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved Nov 7, 2010.
  24. ^ Hansen, Kyle (Oct 9, 2010). "Bicyclists get early glimpse of Hoover Dam bypass bridge". Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  25. ^ Cannon, K.Thou. (October 16, 2010). "Thousands walk new Hoover Dam Bypass bridge". Las Vegas Review-Journal. ISSN 1097-1645. Retrieved November 6, 2010.
  26. ^ Illia & Cho 2009, p. 18. "[The crossing] is scheduled to open in November 2010."
  27. ^ "Visiting Hoover Dam: A Traveler's Guide" (PDF). U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 28, 2010. Retrieved May 11, 2012.
  28. ^ Illia, Tony (April 13, 2009). "The missing link". Las Vegas Business organisation Press . Retrieved November 7, 2010.
  29. ^ Leong, Grace (January 28, 2007). "Diving for debris: A.F. company cleans upwardly Hoover Dam bypass damage". Daily Herald. Provo, Utah. Retrieved November vii, 2010.
  30. ^ Manning, Mary (November 25, 2008). "Worker dies at Hoover Dam bypass bridge projection". Las Vegas Lord's day . Retrieved Nov seven, 2010.
  31. ^ Holstege, Sean (July 17, 2009). "Hoover Dam bypass span an epic marvel". The Arizona Democracy . Retrieved November half-dozen, 2010.
  32. ^ Smoothen, Conor (Apr 10, 2012). "California woman identified as bypass span jumper". Las Vegas Sunday . Retrieved July 24, 2012.
  33. ^ Adrienne Packer (July 27, 2012). "NEWS: Suicides prompt talk of changes at Hoover Dam featherbed bridge". Las Vegas Review-Journal . Retrieved July 29, 2012.
  34. ^ "Colorado River Bridge, Hoover Dam Bypass Project". Projects. PSM Structure. 2005. Archived from the original on March 30, 2012. Retrieved October 28, 2016.

Citations [edit]

  • "Hoover Dam Bypass". Key Federal Lands Highway Partition. Archived from the original on November 11, 1998. Retrieved November vi, 2010. Official website. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  • Goodyear, David; Klamerus, Bonnie; Turton, Rob (2005). "New Colorado River Curvation Span at the Hoover Dam" (PDF). International Span Briefing 2005. Pittsburgh: Engineers' Society of Western Pennsylvania: 16–eighteen. Archived from the original (PDF) on November xi, 2006. Retrieved Baronial 12, 2011. This volition be the start arch construction of this scale to combine a blended steel deck with a segmental physical arch and spandrels. The design is also unique in its apply of steel Vierendeel struts between twin physical arch ribs – a feature that both speeds construction and adds ductility to the lateral framing arrangement for extreme seismic loads.
  • Illia, Tony; Cho, Aileen (2009). "Buffeted by Loftier Winds and Setbacks, a Bypass Is Making History Near Hoover Dam". Engineering News-Record. 263 (18): 18–24. ISSN 0891-9526. Retrieved September 2, 2011. for the commodity with the timeline.
  • Illia, Tony; Cho, Aileen (January 5, 2010). "Buffeted past High Winds and Setbacks, a Bypass Is Making History Near Hoover Dam". pp. 1–3. Same title merely no timeline.

External links [edit]

  • Official website [ expressionless link ]
  • Mike O'Callaghan–Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge at Structurae
  • Media related to Mike O'Callaghan–Pat Tillman Memorial Bridge at Wikimedia Commons

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_O%27Callaghan%E2%80%93Pat_Tillman_Memorial_Bridge

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